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1	Cross-lingual few-shot hate speech and offensive language detection using meta learning
	Mozafari, Marzieh; Farahbakhsh, Reza; Crespi, Noel
	In: ISSN: 2169-3536 ; EISSN: 2169-3536 ; IEEE Access ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03559484 ; IEEE Access, IEEE, 2022, 10, pp.14880-14896. ⟨10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3147588⟩ (2022)
	Abstract: International audience ; Automatic detection of abusive online content such as hate speech, offensive language, threats, etc. has become prevalent in social media, with multiple efforts dedicated to detecting this phenomenon in English. However, detecting hatred and abuse in low-resource languages is a non-trivial challenge. The lack of sufficient labeled data in low-resource languages and inconsistent generalization ability of transformer-based multilingual pre-trained language models for typologically diverse languages make these models inefficient in some cases. We propose a meta learning-based approach to study the problem of few-shot hate speech and offensive language detection in low-resource languages that will allow hateful or offensive content to be predicted by only observing a few labeled data items in a specific target language. We investigate the feasibility of applying a meta learning approach in cross-lingual few-shot hate speech detection by leveraging two meta learning models based on optimization-based and metric-based (MAML and Proto-MAML) methods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort of this kind. To evaluate the performance of our approach, we consider hate speech and offensive language detection as two separate tasks and make two diverse collections of different publicly available datasets comprising 15 datasets across 8 languages for hate speech and 6 datasets across 6 languages for offensive language. Our experiments show that meta learning-based models outperform transfer learning-based models in a majority of cases, and that Proto-MAML is the best performing model, as it can quickly generalize and adapt to new languages with only a few labeled data points (generally, 16 samples per class yields an effective performance) to identify hateful or offensive content.
	Keyword: [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI]; [INFO.INFO-NI]Computer Science [cs]/Networking and Internet Architecture [cs.NI]; [INFO.INFO-SI]Computer Science [cs]/Social and Information Networks [cs.SI]; Cross-lingual classification; Few-shot learning; Hate speech; Meta learning; Offensive language; Transfer learning; XLMRoBERTa
	URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3147588 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03559484
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2	“Thou Shalt Not Take the Lord’s Name in Vain”: A Methodological Proposal to Identify Religious Hate Content on Digital Social Networks
	Lopes-Silva, Luiz Rogério; Botelho-Francisco, Rodrigo Eduardo; Moreira, Paulo Sergio da Conceição...
	In: International Journal of Communication; Vol 16 (2022); 22 ; 1932-8036 (2022)
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3	I love to hate! The racist hate speech in social media
	Miranda, Sandra; Malini, Fábio; Di Fátima, Branco. - : Academic Conferences International, 2022
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4	Constructive Aggression? Multiple Roles of Aggressive Content in Political Discourse on Russian YouTube
	Nepiyushchikh, Dmitry; Litvinenko, Anna; Blekanov, Ivan...
	In: Media and Communication ; 9 ; 1 ; 181-194 ; Dark Participation in Online Communication: The World of the Wicked Web (2022)
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5	Cuando la lengua se convierte en odio
	Abadías Selma, Alfredo. - : Universidad de Huelva, 2022
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6	Detecting weak and strong Islamophobic hate speech on social media
	Vidgen, Bertie; Yasseri, Taha. - : Taylor & Francis, 2022
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7	Análisis del discurso de odio en función de la ideología: Efectos emocionales y cognitivos
	Abuín Vences, Natalia; Cuesta Cambra, Ubaldo; Niño González, José Ignacio...
	In: Comunicar: Revista científica iberoamericana de comunicación y educación, ISSN 1134-3478, Nº 71, 2022 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Discursos de odio en comunicación: Investigaciones y propuestas), pags. 37-48 (2022)
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8	Discurso de odio y aceptación social hacia migrantes en Europa: Análisis de tuits con geolocalización
	Arcila Calderón, Carlos; Sánchez Holgado, Patricia; Quintana-Moreno, Cristina...
	In: Comunicar: Revista científica iberoamericana de comunicación y educación, ISSN 1134-3478, Nº 71, 2022 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Discursos de odio en comunicación: Investigaciones y propuestas), pags. 21-35 (2022)
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9	Motivos del discurso de odio en la adolescencia y su relación con las normas sociales
	Wachs, Sebastian; Wettstein, Alexander; Bilz, Ludwig...
	In: Comunicar: Revista científica iberoamericana de comunicación y educación, ISSN 1134-3478, Nº 71, 2022 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Discursos de odio en comunicación: Investigaciones y propuestas), pags. 9-20 (2022)
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10	Verbalradikalismus : kritische Geistesgeschichte eines soziopolitisch-sprachphilosophischen Phänomens
	Sailer-Wlasits, Paul. - Würzburg : Königshausen & Neumann, 2021
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	UB Frankfurt Linguistik
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11	Comunicazione, dibattito pubblico, social media : come orientarsi con la linguistica
	Pietrandrea, Paola. - Roma : Carocci editore, 2021
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	UB Frankfurt Linguistik
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12	Changing Counterspeech
	Hans, G.S.
	In: Cleveland State Law Review (2021)
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13	La haine, c'est les autres!
	Fracchiolla, Béatrice; Sini, Lorella
	In: La haine en discours ; https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03088100 ; Nolwenn Lorenzi; Claudine Moïse. La haine en discours, Éd. Le Bord de l’eau, pp.45-71, 2021, La haine en discours, 9782356877437 ; https://www.editionsbdl.com/produit/la-haine-en-discours/ (2021)
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14	La haine, c'est les autres!
	Fracchiolla, Béatrice; Sini, Lorella
	In: La haine en discours ; https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03088100 ; Nolwenn Lorenzi. La haine en discours, Editions le bord de l'eau, pp.45-71, 2021, La haine en discours ; https://www.lagalerne.com/livre/17968667-la-haine-en-discours-lorenzi-bailly-n--le-bord-de-l-eau (2021)
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15	Je suis ému•e et je te haine
	Fracchiolla, Béatrice; Moïse, Claudine
	In: La haine en discours ; https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03088098 ; Nolwenn Lorenzi & Claudine Moïse. La haine en discours, Editions le Bord de l'eau, p.15-44, 2021, collection documents ; https://www.lagalerne.com/livre/17968667-la-haine-en-discours-lorenzi-bailly-n--le-bord-de-l-eau (2021)
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16	Je suis ému•e et je te haine
	Fracchiolla, Béatrice; Moïse, Claudine
	In: La haine en discours ; https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03088098 ; Nolwenn Lorenzi; Claudine Moïse. La haine en discours, Éd. Le Bord de l’eau, pp.15-44, 2021, 9782356877437 ; https://www.editionsbdl.com/produit/la-haine-en-discours/ (2021)
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17	Emotionally Informed Hate Speech Detection: A Multi-target Perspective
	Chiril, Patricia; Pamungkas, Endang Wahyu; Benamara, Farah...
	In: ISSN: 1866-9956 ; EISSN: 1866-9964 ; Cognitive Computation ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03275549 ; Cognitive Computation, Springer, 2021, 13 (4), ⟨10.1007/s12559-021-09862-5⟩ ; https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12559-021-09862-5 (2021)
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18	Multiword Expression Features for Automatic Hate Speech Detection
	Zampieri, Nicolas; Illina, Irina; Fohr, Dominique
	In: NLDB 2021 - 26th International Conference on Natural Language & Information Systems ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03231047 ; NLDB 2021 - 26th International Conference on Natural Language & Information Systems, Jun 2021, Saarbrücken/Virtual, Germany ; http://nldb2021.sb.dfki.de/ (2021)
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19	Sociolinguistic resilience among young academics. A quantitative analysis in Germany and France
	Koch, Florian; Berron, Marie-Anne
	In: Economic Resilience in Regions and Organisations ; https://hal-univ-bourgogne.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03210458 ; Rüdiger Wink. Economic Resilience in Regions and Organisations, Springer, 2021, 978-3-658-33078-1. ⟨10.1007/978-3-658-33079-8_12⟩ ; https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783658330781 (2021)
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20	Hate speech and offensive language detection using transfer learning approaches ; Détection du discours de haine et du langage offensant utilisant des approches de Transfer Learning
	Mozafari, Marzieh. - : HAL CCSD, 2021
	In: https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03276023 ; Document and Text Processing. Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 2021. English. ⟨NNT : 2021IPPAS007⟩ (2021)
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