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1	Cleft Lip and/or Palate in Infants Prenatally Exposed to Opioids
	Proctor-Williams, Kerry; Louw, Brenda
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2021)
	Abstract: Objective: To determine the prevalence and odds ratios for cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) among infants prenatally exposed to opioids with or without neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS). Design: This study represents an exploratory, retrospective cohort study design of newborn medical health records from 2011 to 2016. Setting: Records were drawn from a regional health system located in South Central Appalachia. Population and Study Sample: The original population yielded 3 cohorts of infants: (1) infants with opioid exposure (OE) but not requiring pharmacological intervention (OE; N = 168); (2) infants with NOWS requiring pharmacological intervention (N = 294); and (3) infants with no opioid exposure (NOE; N = 16 090), the primary comparison group. Main Outcome: Infants in the NOWS and OE groups showed significantly increased prevalence and odds ratios for CL/P when compared to those in the NOE group. Results: Prevalence rates per 1000 live births for infants with OE (35.71) and infants with NOWS (6.80) were significantly higher than those for infants with NOE (1.37). Comparison of infants with OE to the NOE group revealed significantly increased odds for CL/P, isolated cleft palate (CP), cleft lip (CL), and cleft lip and palate (CLP) (27.05, 41.81, 19.26, 19.37, respectively; all Ps <.008). The odds ratios for infants with NOWS compared to the NOE group were significantly higher for CL/P and CP (5.00 and 10.98, respectively; Ps <.03) but not for CL and CLP. Conclusion: The results provide additional evidence that prenatal OE should be considered among the critical environmental risk factors that can contribute to CL/P.
	Keyword: Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology; drug use; epidemiology; etiology; fetal development; hard palate; palatal development; prenatal development; soft palate
	URL: https://doi.org/10.1177/10556656211013687 https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/9735
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2	Cleft Lip and/or Palate in Infants Prenatally Exposed to Opioids
	Proctor-Williams, Kerry; Louw, Brenda
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2021)
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3	Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Speech-Language Pathologists’ Perception of Infants With Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
	Fabrize, Lauren; Proctor-Williams, Kerry; Louw, Brenda
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2019)
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4	Infants and Children Prenatally Exposed to Drugs: Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
	Proctor-Williams, Kerry; Louw, Brenda
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2018)
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5	The Opioid Crisis on Our Caseloadsbabies Born Addicted to Opioids Can Show Immediate Neurological and Feeding Problems. Studies Also Point to Longer-Term Effects
	Proctor-Williams, Kerry
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2018)
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6	Language and Literacy
	Proctor-Williams, Kerry
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2018)
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7	The Narrative Skills of Children with Specific Language Impairment and Typical Language
	Adams, C.; Morgan, Kelli; Phillips, Julie...
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2018)
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8	Polydrug Use and Other Risk Factors Among Women Receiving MAT During Pregnancy: Challenges for Research on Health and Developmental Effects in Infancy and Beyond
	Bailey, Beth A.; Wood, David; Clements, Andrea...
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2017)
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9	The Narrative Skills of Children with Specific Language Impairment and Typical Language
	Phillips, Julie; Adams, Courtney; Morgan, Kelli...
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2017)
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10	Poly-drug Use and Other Risk Factors Among Women Receiving MAT During Pregnancy: Challenges for Research on Health and Developmental Effects in Infancy and Beyond
	Bailey, B.; Wood, David; Clements, Andrea...
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2017)
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11	Children with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome at 15 months of age: Preliminary small sample findings
	Bailey, B.; Click, I.; Proctor-Williams, Kerry
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2017)
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12	The Elicitation Method for Past Tense Verb production in Children with Specific Language Impairment and Typical Language
	Geise, Morgan; Green, Heather; Hart, Olivia...
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2016)
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13	The Elicitation Method for Past Tense Verb production in Children with Specific Language Impairment and Typical Language
	Geise, Morgan; Hart, Olivia; Green, Heather...
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2016)
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14	Interprofessional Practice: A Pediatric Perspective
	Proctor-Williams, Kerry
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2016)
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15	Re-wiring the CSD Academic Environment
	Montgomery, J.; Proctor-Williams, Kerry; Wagner, S....
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2016)
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16	Babies Prenatally Exposed to Drugs and their Mothers: An Introduction and Case Studies in Intervention
	Proctor-Williams, Kerry; Moore, Kristi
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2015)
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17	Effects of Interprofessional Education Activities on Students’ Core Competencies
	Alley, Elizabeth; Fouss, Jeremy; Graham, Mary...
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2015)
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18	Babies Prenatally Exposed to Drugs and their Mothers: An Introduction and Case Studies in Intervention
	Proctor-Williams, Kerry; Moore, Kristi
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2015)
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19	Effects of Interprofessional Education Activities on Students’ Core Competencies
	Alley, Elizabeth; Fouss, Jeremy; Graham, Mary Briggs...
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2015)
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20	Implementing IPE in an Academic Health Science Center: changing Attitudes, Beliefs, & Knowledge
	Proctor-Williams, Kerry; Alley, Elizabeth
	In: ETSU Faculty Works (2015)
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