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1
Standardisation of the Parent Report of Children’s Abilities-Revised (PARCA-R): a norm-referenced assessment of cognitive and language development at 2 years of age.
Abstract: Background: The Parent Report of Children's Abilities–Revised (PARCA-R) can be used to identify preterm born children at risk for developmental delay at age 24 months. However, standardised scores for assessing all children in the general population and quantifying development relative to the norm are unavailable, thus limiting the use of the questionnaire. We aimed to develop scores that are standardised by age and sex for the PARCA-R to assess children's cognitive and language development at age 24–27 months. Methods: Anonymised data from PARCA-R questionnaires completed by parents of 2 year-old children in three previous studies were obtained to form a standardisation sample (n=6402) representative of the UK general population. Anonymised data were obtained from three further studies to assess the external validity (n=709) and clinical validity (n=1456) of the standardised scores. The L(lamda)M(mu)S(sigma) method was used to develop age- and sex-specific standardised scores for three scales (nonverbal cognitive development; language development; total Parent Report Composite (PRC)) for children in four 1-month age bands spanning 23·5 to 27·5 months of age. Findings: We included 6402 children (mean age 25 months and 1 day [range 23 months and 16 days to 27 months and 15 days]) in the standardisation sample and 709 (mean age 24 months and 19 days [23 months and 16 days to 27 months and 15 days]) to test the external validity and 1456 (mean age 24 months and 8·5 days [23 months and 16 days to 27 months and 15 days]) to test the clinical validity of the standardised scores. For all PARCA-R scales, mean standardised scores approximated 100 (SD 15) in both sexes and all age groups. These scores were independent of socioeconomic status. Standardised scores were close to 100 (15) in the external validation sample, showing the validity of the scores. Standardised scores for the total PRC scale for children born very preterm (<32 weeks' gestation) were 0·47 SD lower on average than the normative mean, and for children with neonatal sepsis were 0·73 SD lower on average than the normative mean. These scores were equivalent to a standardised score of 93 (95% CI 91–94) for children born very preterm and 89 (88–91) for children with neonatal sepsis, thus showing clinical validity. Interpretation: The PARCA-R provides a norm-referenced, standardised assessment of cognitive and language development at 24-27 months of age. The questionnaire is available non-commercially with translations currently available in 14 languages, thus providing clinicians and researchers with a cost-effective tool for assessing development and identifying children with delay.
Keyword: cognitive development; developmental assessment; language development; parent report; screening
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30189-0
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2
Using the Bayley-III to assess neurodevelopmental delay: which cut-off should be used?
Johnson, Samantha; Moore, T.; Marlow, N.. - : Nature Publishing Group for American Pediatric Society, European Society for Paediatric Research, International Pediatric Research Foundation, Society for Pediatric Research (SPR), European Paediatric Research Society (ESPR), 2015
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3
Educational outcomes in extremely preterm children: neuropsychological correlates and predictors of attainment.
In: PubMed ; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ (2012)
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4
Relationship between test scores using the second and third editions of the Bayley Scales in extremely preterm children.
In: PubMed ; http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ (2012)
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5
Relationship between test scores using the second and third editions of the Bayley Scales in extremely preterm children.
In: J Pediatr , 160 (4) 553 - 558. (2012) (2012)
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6
The bayley-III cognitive and language scales: how do scores relate to the bayley ii?
Moore, T; Johnson, S; Haider, S. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2011
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7
Early Indications of Delayed Cognitive Development in Preschool Children Born very Preterm: Evidence from Domain-General and Domain-Specific Tasks
In: INFANT CHILD DEV , 20 (4) 400 - 422. (2011) (2011)
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8
Educational Outcomes in Extremely Preterm Children: Neuropsychological Correlates and Predictors of Attainment
In: DEV NEUROPSYCHOL , 36 (1) 74 - 95. (2011) (2011)
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9
Specific language difficulties and school achievement in children born at 25 weeks of gestation or less
In: J PEDIATR , 152 (2) 256 - 262. (2008) (2008)
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10
Factors affecting vocabulary acquisition at age 2 in children born between 23 and 28 weeks' gestation
In: DEV MED CHILD NEUROL , 49 (8) 591 - 596. (2007) (2007)
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11
Everyday memory and cognitive ability in children born very prematurely
In: J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC , 42 (6) 749 - 754. (2001) (2001)
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12
Short-term memory and language outcomes after extreme prematurity at birth
In: J SPEECH LANG HEAR R , 41 (3) 654 - 666. (1998) (1998)
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