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Top-Down or Bottom-Up? Understanding Diffusion of Supralocal Norms in France
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| 2 |
The Linguistic Geography of the French of Northern France: do we have the basic data?
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| 4 |
Twentieth-Century Varieties Reflecting Mediaeval Settlement in Normandy: combining modern and historical dialectology
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Un nouveau projet de dialectologie française: 'Towards a New Linguistic Atlas of France'
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Le français de Rouen (Haute-Normandie, France): une variété de français qui représente bien sa ville
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| 8 |
How do they do it? The difference between singing and speaking in female altos
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Abstract:
This paper reports the first set of results of an investigation into the phonetic correlates of female altos’ singing (compared to the extensive research which has been done on males’ singing). Based on the author’s previous research (Hall 2003), predictions for this experiment were that when producing a ‘singing’ sound: - singers would increase the amplitude of H2 to a level above the amplitude of H1 - at least the most experienced of the singers would produce a ‘singer’s formant’ - some formant tuning of F1 and possibly F2 would be observed: that is, singers would change the locations of F1 and F2 in order to amplify their sound. The degree to which they needed to do this would depend on f0 frequency. (Two notes on terminology in this paper: 1) H1 here means ‘f0, the leftmost peak in the spectrum’; H2 refers to the peak above f0 in frequency. 2) The terms 'f0' and 'pitch' are interchangeable.) Data were collected from nine singers in this experiment. Analysis in this paper concentrates on two of the nine: the singers who had the most and the least singing experience. The major finding is that female altos seem to use two techniques to amplify their singing sound: - amplifying H2 so that the spectrum shows it to have a higher amplitude than H1 (this technique is referred to in this paper simply as ‘amplifying H2’) - producing a singer’s formant. Which of these strategies is used depends on the individual singer, her amount of training / experience and the pitch-range in which she feels most comfortable.
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Keyword:
P Language and Literature
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URL: http://www.ling.upenn.edu/papers/pwpl.html
https://kar.kent.ac.uk/29533/1/Hall2006_HowDoTheyDoIt_Altos.pdf
https://kar.kent.ac.uk/29533/
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