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Mapping of Language-and-Memory Networks in Patients With Temporal Lobe Epilepsy by Using the GE2REC Protocol
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In: ISSN: 1662-5161 ; Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ; https://hal-cnrs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03529823 ; Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Frontiers, 2022, 15, ⟨10.3389/fnhum.2021.752138⟩ (2022)
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| 3 |
Providing a parent-administered outcome measure in a bilingual family of a father and a mother of two adolescents with ASD: brief report.
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In: Developmental neurorehabilitation, vol 25, iss 2 (2022)
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| 4 |
Exploring Foreign Language Students’ Perceptions of the Guided Use of Machine Translation (GUMT) Model for Korean Writing
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In: L2 Journal, vol 14, iss 1 (2022)
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| 5 |
Lessons from a distanced stage: embedding a Zoom-mediated drama workshop in a language classroom
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In: L2 Journal, vol 14, iss 3 (2022)
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| 6 |
Intelligibility and comprehensibility: A Delphi consensus study
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In: ISSN: 1368-2822 ; EISSN: 1460-6984 ; International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03543198 ; International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, Wiley, 2022, 57 (1), pp.21 - 41. ⟨10.1111/1460-6984.12672⟩ ; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1460-6984.12672 (2022)
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| 7 |
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING DIGITAL STORYTELLING TECHNIQUE IN MULTICULTURAL CLASSROOMS IN ORDER TO RAISE AWARENESS OF TRANSNATIONALISM ...
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| 8 |
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING DIGITAL STORYTELLING TECHNIQUE IN MULTICULTURAL CLASSROOMS IN ORDER TO RAISE AWARENESS OF TRANSNATIONALISM ...
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| 9 |
Examining the Effect of Acculturation and Language Proficiency on the Psychological Assessment of Spanish-English Bilinguals ...
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| 10 |
Neural machine translation and language teaching : possible implications for the CEFR ...
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| 11 |
Vikidia En/Fr bilingual dataset for Automatic Readability Assessment ...
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Vikidia En/Fr bilingual dataset for Automatic Readability Assessment ...
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| 13 |
Fifty Definitions of English Learner: A Proposed Solution to Inconsistent State-by-State Systems in the United States for Classifying Students Who Speak English as a Second Language
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In: Educational Considerations (2022)
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| 14 |
Linguistic Influences on Cognitive Test Performance: Examinee Characteristics Are More Important than Test Characteristics
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In: Journal of Intelligence; Volume 10; Issue 1; Pages: 8 (2022)
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| 15 |
Second Language Assessment Issues in Refugee and Migrant Children’s Integration and Education: Assessment Tools and Practices for Young Students with Refugee and Migrant Background in Greece
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In: Languages; Volume 7; Issue 2; Pages: 82 (2022)
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| 16 |
Oral and Laryngeal Articulation Control of Voicing in Children with and without Speech Sound Disorders
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In: Children; Volume 9; Issue 5; Pages: 649 (2022)
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| 17 |
Assessment of Communication Abilities in Four Children with Early Bilateral CIs in Clinical and Home Environments with LENA System: A Case Report
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In: Children; Volume 9; Issue 5; Pages: 659 (2022)
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| 18 |
The Impact of Student Teachers’ Pre-Existing Conceptions of Assessment on the Development of Language Assessment Literacy within an LTA Course
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In: Languages; Volume 7; Issue 1; Pages: 62 (2022)
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| 19 |
Developing a Technology-Based Classroom Assessment of Academic Reading Skills for English Language Learners and Teachers: Validity Evidence for Formative Use
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In: Languages; Volume 7; Issue 2; Pages: 71 (2022)
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| 20 |
Evaluation of Chinese Natural Language Processing System Based on Metamorphic Testing
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In: Mathematics; Volume 10; Issue 8; Pages: 1276 (2022)
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Abstract:
A natural language processing system can realize effective communication between human and computer with natural language. Because its evaluation method relies on a large amount of labeled data and human judgment, the question of how to systematically evaluate its quality is still a challenging task. In this article, we use metamorphic testing technology to evaluate natural language processing systems from the user’s perspective to help users better understand the functionalities of these systems and then select the appropriate natural language processing system according to their specific needs. We have defined three metamorphic relation patterns. These metamorphic relation patterns respectively focus on some characteristics of different aspects of natural language processing. Moreover, on this basis, we defined seven metamorphic relations and chose three tasks (text similarity, text summarization, and text classification) to evaluate the quality of the system. Chinese is used as target language. We extended the defined abstract metamorphic relations to these tasks, and seven specific metamorphic relations were generated for each task. Then, we judged whether the metamorphic relations were satisfied for each task, and used them to evaluate the quality and robustness of the natural language processing system without reference output. We further applied the metamorphic test to three mainstream natural language processing systems (including BaiduCloud API, AliCloud API, and TencentCloud API), and on the PWAS-X datasets, LCSTS datasets, and THUCNews datasets. Experiments were carried out, revealing the advantages and disadvantages of each system. These results further show that the metamorphic test can effectively test the natural language processing system without annotated data.
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Keyword:
metamorphic testing; natural language processing; quality assessment
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URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/math10081276
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