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Vocabulary knowledge predicts individual differences in the integration of visual and linguistic constraints
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Prediction during simultaneous interpreting: Evidence from the visual-world paradigm
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In: ISSN: 0010-0277 ; Cognition, Vol. 220 (2022) P. 104987 (2022)
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Processing Evidence for the Grammatical Encoding of the Mass/Count Distinction in Mandarin Chinese
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Spoken-word recognition in 2-year-olds: The tug of war between phonological and semantic activation
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In: Journal of Memory and Language (2021)
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Everyday Language Exposure Shapes Prediction of Specific Words in Listening Comprehension: A Visual World Eye-Tracking Study ...
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Using verb morphology to predict subject number in L1 and L2 sentence processing: A visual-world eye-tracking experiment
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In: Journal of the European Second Language Association; Vol 5, No 1 (2021); 115–132 ; 2399-9101 (2021)
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Discourse- and prominence-driven predictive argument interpretation: the influence of discourse coherence and animacy on the prediction of grammatical functions in Swedish ...
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Effects of speech rate on anticipatory eye movements in the Visual World Paradigm: Evidence from aging, native, and non-native language processing ...
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Contextual constraints on the activation of lexical forms by nonlinguistic sounds
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Everyday Language Exposure Shapes Prediction of Specific Words in Listening Comprehension: A Visual World Eye-Tracking Study
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Incremental processing of telicity in Italian children
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In: Experiments in Linguistic Meaning; Vol 1 (2021); 71-77 ; 2694-1791 (2021)
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Lexical constraints on the prediction of form: Insights from the visual world paradigm
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Anaphora resolution and word-order across adulthood: Ageing effects on online listening comprehension
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Another look at the online processing of scalar inferences ...
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The role of auditory perceptual gestalts on the processing of phrase structure ...
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Exploiting referential gaze for uncertainty reduction in situated language processing : an information-theoretic approach
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A novel eye tracking paradigm for detecting semantic and phonological activation in aphasia
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The influence of globally ungrammatical local syntactic constraints on real-time sentence comprehension: Evidence from the visual world paradigm and reading
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Mobile Eye Tracking During Storybook Listening: Applying the Visual World Paradigm in the Investigation of Preschoolers' Online Discourse Processing
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Toth, Abigail. - : University of Alberta. Department of Linguistics., 2018
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Abstract:
Degree: Master of Science ; Abstract: The current thesis assessed the application of the visual world eye tracking paradigm (VWP) as a tool for investigating online language processing in a naturalistic setting. Furthermore, it investigated how individual differences in vocabulary and working memory influence children’s eye movements within in the visual scene with respect to spoken language input. In the VWP an individual’s eye movements are monitored as they receive spoken language input and view a visual scene. It works under the assumption that where the individual is looking indicates where their attention is focused and thus what they are processing at any given moment. The VWP has been used to investigate the online processing of various linguistic phenomena, including the processing of reference, particularly in the realm of online pronoun resolution. These studies have shown that upon hearing an ambiguous third person singular pronoun (i.e., ‘he’), there is an increased proportion of looks to the subject of the preceding clause, suggesting that people are more likely to interpret the pronoun as co-referring with the subject (e.g., Arnold, Eisenband, Brown-Schmidt, & Trueswell, 2000; Järvikivi, Van Gompel, Hyönä, & Bertram 2005; Song & Fisher, 2005; 2007). For example when participants hear utterances such as ‘The panda hit the parrot by the lake. He wanted to go home’ while viewing a scene with both animals, they are more likely to look at the panda than the parrot when they hear ‘he’, indicating that there is a subject bias. However, almost all of the previous studies have looked at a series of isolated items (such as the example above), with only to referents in the visual scene (i.e., the subject and object). We do not know how the VWP works in more naturalistic settings, that is, when there is continuous linguistic discourse and multiple referents in the visual scene, as is the case in storybook listening. Both children and adults listened to a five-minute long storybook while wearing eye-tracking glasses. The storybook contained multiple referring expressions, both names (e.g., ‘Bear’) and pronouns (e.g., ‘he’), and was designed to becoming increasingly more complex as it unfolded over time, beginning with just a single character and ending with a total of five characters. Using generalized additive mixed modeling (GAMMs), we analyzed the eye gaze data of 16 children and 12 adults with respect to the mention of 37 names and 10 pronouns embedded throughout the story. Overall we found that eye movements patterns differed for items (names and pronouns) that occurred during the first half of the story compared to items (names and pronouns) that occurred during the second half of the story, for both children and adults. Upon hearing a name during the first half of the story, both children and adults’ looks to the target referent increased. Upon hearing a pronoun during the first half of the story, children’s looks to the subject of the preceding clause increased. Adults, however, had the highest proportion of looks to the subject at the onset of the pronoun, suggesting they were able to use discourse cues to predict that the subject would be referred to. Hearing a name during the second half of the story had no influence on looks to the target referent, for both children and adults. Upon hearing a pronoun during the second half of the story, children’s looks to the subject of the preceding clause increased, however, this took much longer in the time course compared to pronouns that occurred during the first half of the story. Hearing a pronoun during the second half of the story had no influence on adults’ looks to the preceding subject. Furthermore, we found that children’s working memory (WM) capacity influenced their language mediated eye movements. The findings of the current thesis demonstrate that there is not a uniform mapping between linguistic input and eye movements within the visual scene. It is likely that individuals only direct their eye gaze towards entities in the visual scene under particular language processing circumstances. As such, these findings call into question whether or not the visual world paradigm is an effective tool for investigating language processing in naturalistic settings. Further research is needed in order to better understand the relationship between eye gaze and spoken language processing in continuous discourse.
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Keyword:
eye tracking; pronoun resolution; referential processing; visual world paradigm
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URL: https://doi.org/10.7939/R3M61C572
https://era.library.ualberta.ca/items/ec518516-1cc5-4e07-9827-e3bae0e95c14
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