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Sign Language Avatars: A Question of Representation
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In: Information; Volume 13; Issue 4; Pages: 206 (2022)
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Abstract:
Given the achievements in automatically translating text from one language to another, one would expect to see similar advancements in translating between signed and spoken languages. However, progress in this effort has lagged in comparison. Typically, machine translation consists of processing text from one language to produce text in another. Because signed languages have no generally-accepted written form, translating spoken to signed language requires the additional step of displaying the language visually as animation through the use of a three-dimensional (3D) virtual human commonly known as an avatar. Researchers have been grappling with this problem for over twenty years, and it is still an open question. With the goal of developing a deeper understanding of the challenges posed by this question, this article gives a summary overview of the unique aspects of signed languages, briefly surveys the technology underlying avatars and performs an in-depth analysis of the features in a textual representation for avatar display. It concludes with a comparison of these features and makes observations about future research directions.
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Keyword:
avatar technology; computer animation; machine translation; sign language linguistics; sign language representation; sign language translation
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URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/info13040206
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Sign Language Technologies and the Critical Role of SL Resources in View of Future Internet Accessibility Services
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In: Technologies ; Volume 7 ; Issue 1 (2019)
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Juxtaposition as a form feature; syntax captured and explained rather than assumed and modelled
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In: Proceedings of the workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages ; Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01848990 ; Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages, Eleni Efthimiou, Stavroula-Evita Fotinea, Thomas Hanke, Julie Hochgesang, Jette Kristoffersen, Johanna Mesch, May 2016, Portoroz, Slovenia (2016)
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A conceptual approach in sign language classification for concepts network
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In: LREC 2012, EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE RESOURCES AND EVALUATIONLREC 2012 Workshop Abstracts ; https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01995604 ; Onno Crasborn; Eleni Efthimiou; Stavroula -Evita Fotinea; Thomas Hanke; Jette Kristoffersen; Johanna Mesch. LREC 2012, EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE RESOURCES AND EVALUATION LREC 2012 Workshop Abstracts, ELRA – European Language Resources Association., 2012, 5th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages : Interactions between Corpus and Lexicon, 978-2-9517408-7-7 ; http://www.lrec-conf.org/lrec2012/IMG/pdf/LREC2012.Workshop%20Abstracts.pdf (2012)
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Thumb modeling for the generation of Sign Language
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In: ISSN: 0302-9743 ; Lecture Notes in Computer Science ; Gesture and Sign Language in Human-Computer Interaction and Embodied Communication ; International Gesture Workshop ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01634108 ; Eleni Efthimiou, Georgios Kouroupetroglou, Stavroula-Evita Fotinea. Gesture and Sign Language in Human-Computer Interaction and Embodied Communication, 7206, Springer, 2012, Lecture Notes in Computer Science / Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 978-3-642-34182-3. ⟨10.1007/978-3-642-34182-3_14⟩ (2012)
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GSLC: Creation and Αnnotation of a Greek Sign Language Corpus for HCI” LREC
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In: http://pdf.aminer.org/000/238/206/head_movements_and_negation_in_greek_sign_language.pdf (2008)
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Dynamic GSL Synthesis to Support Access to e-content
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In: http://www.image.ece.ntua.gr/papers/332.pdf (2005)
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Multipurpose Design and Creation of GSL Dictionaries
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In: http://www.ilsp.gr/docs/amea/lrec04.pdf (2004)
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Feature-based natural language processing for GSL synthesis
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In: http://dianoema.zenon.gr/documents/publications/article_for_proof_reading.pdf
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4 A knowledge-based sign synthesis architecture
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In: http://www.image.ece.ntua.gr/papers/425.pdf
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DIANOEMA: Visual analysis and sign recognition for GSL modelling and robot teleoperation
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In: http://www.image.ece.ntua.gr/papers/582.pdf
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An Environment for Deaf Accessibility to Educational Content
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In: http://www.ilsp.gr/docs/amea/icta07.pdf
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Generating linguistic content for Greek to GSL conversion
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In: http://www.aueb.gr/pympe/hercma/proceedings2005/H05-FULL-PAPERS-1/FOTINEA-EFTHYMIOU-KOUREMENOS-1.pdf
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Generating linguistic content for Greek to GSL conversion
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In: http://www.aueb.gr/pympe/hercma/proceedings2005/H05-FULL-PAPERS-1/H05-CONVERTED-WORD-TO-PDF/FOTINEA-EFTHYMIOU-KOUREMENOS-1.pdf
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Online Dictionaries for immigrants in Greece: Overcoming the Communication barriers
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In: http://www.trojina.si/elex2011/Vsebine/proceedings/eLex2011-37.pdf
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An Environment for Deaf Accessibility to Educational Content
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In: http://www.esstt.rnu.tn/utic/tica2007/sys_files/medias/docs/p23.pdf
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Greek Sign Language documentation: theoretical implications and practical considerations.
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In: http://www.hrelp.org/events/conference2007/abstracts/31.pdf
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The Dicta-Sign Wiki: Enabling Web Communication for the Deaf
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In: http://personal.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Personal/R.Bowden/publications/2012/dictaWiki/dictaWiki2012pub.pdf
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An Animator of Gestures Applied to Sign Languages
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In: http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~marc/misc/proceedings/lrec-2006/workshops/W15/Sign_Language_Workshop_Proceedings.pdf
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Terminology Encoding in View of Multifunctional NLP Resources
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In: http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2000/pdf/275.pdf
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