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Towards International Standards for Language Resources
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In: Evaluation of Text and Speech Systems ; https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00650597 ; Laila Dybkjær and Holmer Hemsen and Wolfgang Minker. Evaluation of Text and Speech Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp.263-284, 2007 (2007)
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A Registry of Standard Data Categories for Linguistic Annotation
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In: 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation - LREC'04 ; https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00099858 ; 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation - LREC'04, 2004, Lisbonne, Portugal, pp.135-138 (2004)
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An on-line data category registry for linguistic resource management
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In: LREC Workshop ; https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00100198 ; LREC Workshop, 2004, Lisbonne, Portugal, 8 p (2004)
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International Standard for a Linguistic Annotation Framework
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In: ISSN: 1351-3249 ; EISSN: 1469-8110 ; Natural Language Engineering ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00164624 ; Natural Language Engineering, Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2004, 10 (3-4), pp.211-225. ⟨10.1017/S135132490400350X⟩ (2004)
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Encoding Syntactic Annotation
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In: Treebanks: Building and Using Parsed Corpora ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00079163 ; Anne Abeillée. Treebanks: Building and Using Parsed Corpora, Kluwer Academic Publisher, pp.281-296, 2003 (2003)
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Outline of the International Standard Linguistic Annotation Framework
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In: Workshop Linguistic annotation : Getting the model right. ACL 2003 ; https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00525271 ; Workshop Linguistic annotation : Getting the model right. ACL 2003, Jul 2003, Sapporo, Japan (2003)
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| 7 |
Standards for Language Resources
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In: Proc. of LREC 2002 ; LREC 2002 - Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ; https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00100771 ; LREC 2002 - Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, May 2002, Las Palmas, Spain. pp.9 ; http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2002/ (2002)
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| 8 |
Towards a common framework for linguistic annotation
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In: SLE workshop on Linguistic Interpretation of Corpora - LINC'2001 ; https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00100590 ; SLE workshop on Linguistic Interpretation of Corpora - LINC'2001, 2001, Leuven, Belgium (2001)
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Abstract:
Colloque avec actes et comité de lecture. internationale. ; International audience ; Corpora are now being annotated for a variety of linguistic features, including not only phenomena such as morpho-syntactic category and syntactic structure, but also discourse structure, co-reference, etc. Typically, annotation schemes—even those representing the same phenomenon—are developed independently at different annotation sites, and as a result, merging and comparison of annotated data is difficult or impossible. Similarly, annotations for different phenomena are difficult to combine to enable consideration of relationships and patterns among different linguistic levels. We have been working to develop a framework for linguistic annotation that would solve most if not all of these difficulties. The framework consists of two fundamental pieces: (1) a generalized, abstract model that captures the underlying structure of linguistic annotations; and (2) a means to identify and formally define common (core) annotation categories, together with mechanisms to map equivalences, refine or modify existing categories, and specify hierarchical relations among categories at different levels of specificity. The aim is to provide an infrastructure for linguistic annotation that enables the commonality needed for reuse and merging, and is at the same time flexible enough to allow for user-specific annotation practices. To this end, we have outlined an annotation framework instantiated via the Extended Markup Language (XML) and the Resource Definition Framework (RDF) and demonstrated its applicability to the representation of lexical information (Ide, et al., 2000) and syntactic annotation (Ide and Romary, 2001). In this paper, we outline the principles and mechanisms that support the proposed framework and demonstrate its use and flexibility. Because it is based in existing and emerging data representation standards and informed by state-of-the-art methods from areas such as database theory, object-oriented design, knowledge representation, etc., we feel strongly that the framework supports the most advanced and efficient means to exploit annotated corpora. The framework we are proposing would serve as a central repository and service for annotators, providing off-the-shelf formats and categories together with scripts and tools for using and modifying them, creating new categories, and mapping among them. A core feature of the framework is an RDF-based data category registry, whose implementation depends critically on input from the research community. Therefore, our goal is not only to show our results so far, but also to solicit input and feedback from corpus annotators and users that can contribute to further development.
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Keyword:
[INFO.INFO-OH]Computer Science [cs]/Other [cs.OH]; annotation schemes; linguistic resources; ressource linguistique; schemas d'annotation; xml
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URL: https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00100590
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A Common XML-based Framework for Syntactic Annotations
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In: Proc. of 1st NLP and XML Workshop ; 1st NLP and XML Workshop ; https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00100592 ; 1st NLP and XML Workshop, Nov 2001, Tokyo, Japan, Japan (2001)
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| 10 |
A Common Framework for Syntactic Annotation
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In: Association for Computational Linguistics - ACl'2001 ; https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00100593 ; Association for Computational Linguistics - ACl'2001, 2001, Toulouse, France, 8 p (2001)
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| 11 |
Standards for Language Resources
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In: Proc. of IRCS Workshop on Linguistic Databases ; IRCS 2001 - Workshop on Linguistic Databases ; https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00100589 ; IRCS 2001 - Workshop on Linguistic Databases, Steven Bird, Peter Buneman and Mark Liberman, Nov 2001, Philadelphia, United States (2001)
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A Formal Model of Dictionary Structure and Content
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In: Euralex 2000 ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00164625 ; Euralex 2000, Aug 2000, Stuttgart, Germany. pp.113-126 (2000)
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CES/XML : An XML-based Standard for Linguistic Corpora
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In: LREC Conference ; https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00525250 ; LREC Conference, May 2000, Athens, Greece (2000)
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| 14 |
XML support for Annotated Language Resources
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In: Linguistic Exploration, Workshop on Web-Based Language Documentation and Description ; https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00525277 ; Linguistic Exploration, Workshop on Web-Based Language Documentation and Description, Dec 2000, Philadelphia, United States (2000)
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| 15 |
Veins Theory: A Model of Global Discourse Cohesion and Coherence
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In: 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and of the 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING/ACL'98) ; Coling-ACL Conference ; https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00521889 ; Coling-ACL Conference, 1998, Montréal, Canada. pp.281-285 (1998)
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